Facebook released Hack, a programming language developed for HHVM that interoperates seamlessly with PHP. Hack reconciles the fast development cycle of PHP with the discipline provided by static typing, while adding many features commonly found in other modern programming languages.
Facebook deployed Hack at Facebook and it has been a great success. Over the last year, Facebook migrated nearly their entire PHP codebase to Hack.
Facebook released an open source version of Hack to the public at http://hacklang.org/ as part of thier HHVM runtime platform, which will now support both Hack and PHP.
Motivation
Every PHP programmer is familiar with day-to-day tasks that can be tricky or cumbersome. The code above is a great example of a common mistake where a method could unexpectedly be called on a null object, causing an error that wouldn't be caught until runtime. Another example is a complex API, where developers may have a solid understanding of its semantics but still spend time looking up mundane method names in documentation.
At Facebook scale — with thousands of engineers shipping new code twice a day — slowdowns like these are even more problematic. Before Hack, Facebook had a simple language with a quick feedback loop — but how could they mitigate the sorts of problems described above? Could early error detection coexist with rapid iteration.
Traditionally, dynamically typed languages allow for rapid development but sacrifice the ability to catch errors early and introspect code quickly, particularly on larger codebases. Conversely, statically typed languages provide more of a safety net, but often at the cost of quick iteration.
Thus, Hack was born. Facebook believes that it offers the best of both dynamically typed and statically typed languages, and that it will be valuable to projects of all sizes.
The Hack language
Hack has deep roots in PHP. In fact, most PHP files are already valid Hack files. Facebook made a conscious choice not to support a handful of deprecated functions and features that were incompatible with static typing (e.g. “variable variables” and the extract() function). Facebook have also added many new features that they believe will help make developers more productive.
Their principal addition is static typing. They have developed a system to annotate function signatures and class members with type information; Their type checking algorithm (the “type checker”) infers the rest. Type checking is incremental, such that even within a single file some code can be converted to Hack while the rest remains dynamically typed. Technically speaking, Hack is a “gradually typed*”* language: dynamically typed code interoperates seamlessly with statically typed code.
Within Hack's type system, Facebook have introduced several features such as generics, nullable types, type aliasing, and constraints on type parameters. These new language features are unobtrusive, so the code you write with Hack will still look and feel like the dynamic language to which PHP programmers are accustomed.
However, Hack adds additional features beyond static type checking, including Collections, lambda expressions, and run-time enforcement of return types and parameter types.
Collections provide a clean, type-safe alternative to PHP arrays. Facebook designed them specifically to work well with static typing and generics. The Collections API offers many classic higher-order functions such as map() and filter() to facilitate functional programming styles.
Lambda expressions give a concise syntax for creating closures. While PHP has closures, it requires the programmer to explicitly name the variables they need to use from enclosing scopes. With Hack's lambda expressions, Facebook automatically infer these uses, saving you needless work. Lambda expressions make it more convenient to take full advantage of the Collections API.
Run-time enforcement of return types and parameter types (including scalar types like int and string) provides safety beyond what can be checked statically while type annotations are being gradually added to a codebase. Run-time enforcement helps programmers detect and diagnose certain kinds of problems more easily, and it helps HHVM's JIT produce more efficient code by making it safe to trust type annotations for optimization purposes.
Instantaneous type checking
During development, a PHP programmer typically goes back and forth rapidly between the source code and the browser. Engineers can iterate as quickly as they need, testing and tuning an experience until it's perfect.
Traditionally, a type checker would disrupt this feedback loop as it takes time to analyze the source code. They didn't want to slow the PHP workflow, so They came up with a new approach to reconcile instantaneous feedback with type safety.
Facebook solution was to architect the type checker as a local server that watches the filesystem. The server keeps all information about the source code in memory and automatically updates itself when a file changes on disk. This approach has paid off: the type checker typically runs in less than 200 milliseconds and rarely takes more than a second, making it easy to integrate into the development workflow without introducing a noticeable delay.
Code ion
Hack's type safety and refactoring benefits grow the more it is used within a codebase. Understanding that it would be difficult for some code to be completely transitioned to Hack right away, it was important to us that Hack be developed such that it can coexist directly with other PHP files as it is being introduced incrementally.
The rest of the conversion process, such as adding type annotations and using new language features, can be done as appropriate for the codebase. For example, a type annotation can be added for one function but left off another function, even in the same file. If a function parameter or class member does not have an explicit type annotation, the type checker considers its type to be dynamic, and it does not check the type of that value.
Within Facebook, they found that their engineers appreciated Hack enough that they started converting the majority of their own code voluntarily. With millions of lines of code in their tree, they also wanted some form of automation, so they built and use a number of code modification tools to assist the process (which They released as part of Hack).
Don't worry, your PHP is safe!
HHVM is still a PHP runtime, and they intend to keep it that way. In fact, they are working hard to reach parity with PHP-5. One of HHVM's top priorities is to run unmodified PHP-5 source code, both for the community and because they rely on third-party PHP libraries internally.
HHVM is now a runtime that supports *both* PHP and Hack, so you can start to take advantage of Hack's new features incrementally.
Have fun with Hack!
Facebook delighted to open-source both Hack and the tools you can use to automatically convert your codebase. This is just the first step, and they are dedicated to continuing to evolve this software to make development even easier for their engineers and the broader community. Hack's value is *not* limited to big projects: with type information, good error messages, and fast feedback, small codebases can reap the benefits of Hack as well.
You all can participate in the HHVM and Hack community.